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■ ■ r- J 

PROPOSED CLASSIFICATION 

OF THE SECTION OF 

ANTHROPOLOGY AND PREHISTORIC ARCIIIOLOGY 

AT THE 

CHICAGO EXPOSITION, 

PREPARED, AT REQUEST OF ITS COMMITTEE, BY THOMAS MTLSOX, 
ESQ., CURATOR, ETC., AT THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


INTRODUCTION. 

At tlie School of Anthropology in Paris Dr. Topinarcl 
lectured upon, and has published his most extensive scien- 
tific work on what he has called Anthropology General, 
and by this he means tlie general features of man, his coni- 
lionent jiarts, his structure and formation, his limbs and 
various members, his internal organs and their general use. 
So Dr. Topinard defines his branch of anthropology to be 
the Study of the Animal Man, as zoology is the science of 
other animal life. 

Anatomic Anthropology treats of the pliysical constitu- 
tion of man and studies the characteristics of the skull and 
brain, and this .leads to a division of that into another 
branch of science, Craniology. 

Closely allied to Anatomic Anthroiiology is Physiologic 
Anthropology, which, aided by Demography, studies how 
the different human types live, how thej' are nourished and 
reproduced, their muscular energy, the operation of their 
senses, their maladies, their resistance to pathological in- 
fiuences, the effect uj^on them of the different climates. 
And this runs near to, and possibly includes. Comparative 


Psychology, which in its tnm divides itself into the Lin- 
guistic Language and Sociology. 

The importance of language as a means of determining; 
the living races can scarcely be estimated. The division of 
languages (according to their kinds, systems, into mono- 
syllabic, agglutinative and atlexion) have enabled scientists 
to follow the various races not onlj^ through them line of 
immigration in modern times, but to trace it back into 
I>rehistoric times. 

Sociology is of great value in its determination of the 
races of mankind, for it is the social taste that very largely 
determines the intellectual manifestation — the languages, 
the arts, the industries, the religions, the sciences. Soci- 
ology is a mine of anthropologic lore. It assists not only in 
determining the race, but it is pre-eminent in determining 
the domestic, the political life of any particular peoi>le after' 
its race shall once have been determined. 

This agglomeration of anthropological sciences have thus 
far had only to do with what might be the modern man. 
It has not as yet, according to our definition, had any neces- 
sary relation to men of antiquity, especially preliistoric 
antiquity, and tliis leads to another of the anthropological 
sciences. Prehistoric Anthropology. In this one may have^ 
to use all the other branches of the great science in order 
to obtain a proper knowledge of the man of that ])eriod or 
epoch. Anatom}", craniology, sociology, and archaeology 
all combine and are needful, all assist each other in deter- 
mining the life and history of the prehistoric man. Prehis- 
toric Anthropology deals Avith man’s early existence. It 
iiwestigates man’s industries through the objects thereof. 
It iiiA^ades his workshops and his tombs, and in them finds 
the remains of the man and his family, and the objects made 
and used by him during his life, and from this determines 
the life and history of the prehistoric man. 

This is my particular branch of anthropological science. 

Having proceeded thus far, a iieAV field is opened in regard 
to Prehistoric Anthropology, Avhicli deals Avitli biology of 


3 






man and gives rise to questions like the following: How 
Avliere, and in what form did the first man appear? In Avliat 
locality? Was there a unity of the human species, or did 
each race have a separate heginning? The laws of repro- 
duction, of heredity, of the elTects of crossing of races or 
breeds? Suppose the cradle of the human race to have been 
once discovered, how did the race leave that place? Hoav 
were the different continents and great divisions of the earth 
peoi^led? What were tlieir migrations? How came about 
the three races of men — the white, the black, and the 
yellow? Are these differences inherent or are they only the 
effect of the environment, the exterior agencies? And that 
leads us further and further into the past, into embryology 
to evolution, and so back to protox)lasni. Thus it would 
apx^ear as though Anthrox)ology or Anthrox)ological Science 
conq:>rised nearly everything of education or eidighteiinient 
within its gras^). 

One branch of Anthropology which I have not mentioned, 
and which has been discovered only of late yt^ars, is that 
called Criminal Authrox)ology, or, I sui^j^ose a better word 
for it would be. Criminology. 

AVhile in Paris I attended the Second International Con- 
gress of Anthrox)ology Criminal. The first one had been 
held in Home. Tliere were two schools rex)resented in that 
congress, and their discussions and investigations were over 
a question of tlie highest inq)ortance — ^CVre criminals born 
or are they niade?^^ One can liardH conceive of the dis- 
tance to Avliich this study might take the scientist. It 
includes many branches of the antlirox)ological sciences not 
heretofore mentioned, and adds to them several that are 
iieAV. Its first demand is for accurate, extensive, and de- 
tailed statistics. It demands to know the names of crimes, 
the i)laces, the circumstances; the sex, the age, and the 
degree of instruction of the criminal and his x)iavate life 
from infancy. To this must be added sociologic factors, 
such as times of })overty, strikes, internal or international 
political disorders, war, bad harvests, the number of bank- 


4 


niptcies, forms of drunkenness, epidemics, health, temper- 
ature.- It requires full statistics relating to the couiitry, 
the iudiyidual, to politics, industries, intellectual occupa- 
tion, religion, and economy. This is followed by exami- 
nation of indiyiduals of normal characteristics, tyhether 
they be physical, intellectual, or moral. The delinquents 
must be studied in not only their own life from infancy to 
manhood, but that of their families and tlieir enyironment 
through these periods, their heredity", ^transmission of pa- 
rental characteristics. tVitli all these for a foundation, one 
can i^erhaps establish certain conclusions as to the science 
of Criminal Anthropology; one can then begin to answer 
the questions, or, at least, to liaye an opinion ui)on this 
great question: criminals born or are they made.’’ 

The Italians were the principal adyocates of the theory 
that criminals were born, that there was in heredity the 
transmission from father to son, and in the eiiAdronment of 
embryology, that which made a man criminal from his 
birth. On the other hand, the French school combated 
this, and determined that, Ayhateyer of truth there might 
be in it, there was nothing in the theory of heredity but 
what the indiyidual could control, that it was his duty to 
control it, and that his criminal conduct was the result of 
his education, or attached to him because of the surround- 
ings of his life, possibly from infancy upwards. 


This discussion consumed an entire week. Of course 
there could be no decision of the question; it could not be 
put to yote; but the discussion and agitation of such ques-- 
tions will set men to thinking oA^er biological and socio- 
logical subjects so as to be an adyantage to science. The 
methods recommended for its inAx^stigation Ayere as folloAys: 
(1) The study of criminality throughout the Ayorld, in the 
j)ast as Ay ell as in the present; (2) The causes that produce 
crime; and (3) The indication and organization of the means 
by Ayliich it might be preyented: Should they be preA^enta- 
iive or punitiVe? Prof. Lombroso, of ItaA, stated his prop- 
osition thus: As the anatomist Ay ill find in the human body 


r 


o 


\ 


traces of organs that are useless or dangerous, so the an- 
tliropologist or the psycliologist finds in the social body an 
instinct which belongs to and was received from his an- 
cestor, a savage of primitive times; that a criminal was a 
man born so and was from liis infancv witliont moral sense. 

In the pavillion, to tlie left of tlie (Iraiid Ibuldha on en- 
tering, o])posite the iiavillion of Denmark, was established 
the Criminal Anthropology, principally tlie display of Loim 
broso and his Italian confreres. It consisted yirinciimllj’" 
of models and casts of criminals, principallj" the skull and 
brain, though not by any means confined thereto. There 
were great numbers of charts and maps and tables of sta- 
tistics and such works relating to Criminal Anthropology. 
These were largelv the result of the First International 


Congress of that science, which met at Itome in 1885 and 
which was continued b^^ the second session in I^aris in 1889. 

The models and casts were made in a high degree of art. 
Their accuracy would be the first requirement, but after 
that thev Avere execufed Avith such a degree of mechanical 
precision and perfection of coloring as left nothing to desire 
betAA^een them and the originals. Some Avere moulded in 
plaster, others in AAmx, Avhile one Avas done in bronze. They 
represented the faces of criminals before and after execu- 
tion, of the head and of the brain. There Avere also inaiiAX 
or cerfainl}" several, that Avere infended to represent the 
differences cansd hj epileptic and similar diseases. Here 
could be studied not only the differences in appearance and 
expression in the living person, but alsi) sucli alterations 
as were made bA' dealii, and again, the anatomy as deA^el- 
oped by a post-mortem examination. There AA^ere casts 
made of the hands of many persons. One particular series 
commenced Avith the liand of the giant Kalmuck and ended 
AAuth fhat of General Tom Thumb. M. le docteur Vinson 
presen fed a large series of casfs of the ear. One taking a 
cursory examination would easily believe that all human 
ears Avere different, except those that belong to the same 
head. 


6 


This display of Criminal Anthropology opens a new field 
for the scientist. The inyestigations of the Italian criminal 
anthropologists have thrown a large amount of light upon 
the differences of conformation in hiiinan forms, show many 
items and instances of differences among men not thought of 
before, and an amount of statistics and information bearing 
upon the general subject of crime relating to given forms 
and appearances in the liuman being that are well worthy 


of care and attention, and which should be studied to their 
utmost limit. The general question may have been pro- 
pounded long ago, and may have been argued and discussed 
verballj" and in writing among scientists; but here for the 
first time has it been carried to a profundity, and with a 
detail and accuracy, that makes results certain and definite 
and which can be relied on in forming a conclusion, and 
this I say entirely independent of the correctness of the 
theory of the Italian school. 

In the French Exposition of 1889, the front i^ortion of 
the Palace of Liberal Arts was devoted to the Antliropo- 
logical Scieiices. A crude idea of it may be obtained by 
imagining a rotunda or court in the center, open to the roof, 
surrounded on its four sides b^^ galleries in the first and 
second stories. The center was filled with groups of pre- 
historic peoples of the different epochs, while the galleries 
around were filled vfith cases and tables which contained 
the exhibits relating to man. The organization was in tlie 
hand's of a committee of scientists. Dr. Topinard had the 
principal direction of that portion relating to Antliropologie 
Generale; M. Cartailhac that ]:>ortion relating to Archae- 
logie and Antliropologie Prehistorique, and M. Hamy that 
portion relating to Ethnograplty. This diAision was one of 
theory and science more than of practice, for the objects 
themsehus were not thus divided, and the three gentlemen 
acted more as a committee than separately. 

The Government of Denmark made a special exhibit at 
its own exi>ense with its own officers in charge, working, of 
course, under the direction of the committee. 


\ 


7 


/ 


There was an extensive exhibit from Italy, but it per- 
tained more to antliropology pure and simple, or x)ossibly in 
its relation to crime, than anything else. 

Belgium was well represented, and her museums and so- 
cieties and amateur collectors lent their objects (piite freely, 

:and made an elalMorate display. 

For the benefit of the Chicago Exposition for 1892 I quote 
from the ijrogram for the division of Anthropology, Eth- 
nograph}", and Archaeology. 

Section I. — Anthroi)ology, under the direction of Dr. 

Toi.)inard. 

Pieces and specimens of comparative anatomy and eni- 
bryogeny relative to man. Casts of the brain. Skulls and 
skeletons, and in their default, casts. 

Prehistoric skulls, trepanned skulls, and pathologiques 
prehistoriques. 

Casts of busts and typic masks of the living. 

Instruments for ])h.ysic and physiological observations. 
Instruments of craniometry" and anthropometry. i 

Charts showing* the division and character of races. Pho- 
tographs of skulls and of ethnic types. Composite photog- 
raphy. 

No. II. — Prehistoric Antliropology, under the direction of 

Monsieur Cartailhac. 

Material for work and specimens rex}resenting the differ- 
ent xdiases of the fabrications of x^rimitive instruments. 

Chipping, polishing, perforation, etc., of objects of stone. 

Work on bone and on the horn of ruminants. Pieces which 
bear relation to the x^ractice of art, of design, drawing, etc., 

X^rimitive pottery. 

Views and xdans pr models of habitations, funeral monu- 
ments, antiques, etc. 

Casting or hammering of metal, bronze, cox3X^er, iron. 


y 


Specimens of moulds and objects of metal cast or liani- 
mered. Cadies the fondenr. ■ 

Origin or glass, enamel, etc. 

Terms of comparison borrowed from savage^ populations 
— fire-making, fabrication of objects of stone, of wood, of 
bone, of pottery. Comparatiye Metallurgy. i 

No. III. — Classic Arcliaeologw, which was somewhat under 
the general direction of Dr. Hainj^, but he was assisted 
therein bv several oriental travelers and scholars: MM. 
Maspero, Yillefosse, Perrot, Solomon. Keinach, and 
others. The division of this section was as follows: 
Objects relative to the history of work in antiquity: 
Egypt, Assyria, Phonicia, Greece, the Eoniaii Empire, and 
particular A Gaul, the Extreme Orient, and the New. Work!.. 

Models, plans, et(*., and characteristic constructions. 
Sculptures and paintings (originals and copies), reproducing* 
the manual art. Scientific aiiparatus and material for in- 
dustrial art to tlie regne de Chaiiemagne. Specimens repre- 
senting the different phases of fabrication and collections of 
characteristic products. 

The first section, that of Anthropology General, was a 
marvelous display. A resume of it shows tliat there were 
115 busts or entire figures of races; 71 pieces or casts of 
brains; 15 of the hand; 231 skulls, human or their casts, of' 
which 18 were prehistoric or very ancient; a considerable 
number of i)aintings, charts, etc., tliese being all furnislied 
by 71 persons, of which 21 came from foreign countries, 
among which are named Great Britain, the United States 
of Nortli America, Brazil, Germany, Austria, Norway, Den- 
mark, Belgium, Switzerland, and ltah^ 

It would be impracticable to give a conqdete description 
of the objects wliicl] were here exposed as belonging to 
this or any otlier section. Tliat would simply mean tov 
translate a catalogue of many hundred ])ages. 

On entering the front of the building (that side facing the* 


9 


Seine) tlie first object wliicli struck the eye m the section of 
the PHistoire Ketrospective clii Travail was the grand 
Buddha of Nara, which was exposed by Mr. M. L. Bing. It 
was a gigantic statue of the Japanese Buddha, having tlie 
appearance of gold thougli made of wood, and one of tlie 
grandest and largest knovui. It came from tlie Adlle of 
Nara, Avhich Avas the capital of Japan in the eighth century 
and one of the great centers of the Buddhist religion. ^^Der- 
riere le Grand Buddha’^ aauis the place of rendezvous for all 
anthropologists during the exposition. This Avas tlie gate 
or door of entrance to the lAUAullion of the Anthropological 
science. To the right of the Grand Buddha AA^ere the three 
skeletons, in their original soil, found b^^ Dr. BlAuere in the 
Grotte de Mentone, near Xice, Avith wliom I had formed in- 
teresting acquaintance during my residence as consul at 
that point. The earth Avas cut around the sides and at the 
bottom, so as to lift them AAuthout disturbance, and then 
placed on blocks and thus transported to Baris, and are 
now here displayed. The largest and most important of 
these skeletons is that at the Jardin des Plantes, Paris. 
Xone of these liaA^e ever been disturbed or taken out of their 


natiA^e soil as found in the caves. 

In the left were the two casts of the Bushmen, Avhich had 
been presented to the Societe dhAnthropologie in October 
of 1888 in my presence. One of the men Avas afterAvards 
cast in full life. lie died one month after the casts AA^ere- 
taken. 

On the outside of the paAullion, to the right and left re- 
spectAely, Avere the tAvo cases Avhich contained the objects 
transported to Paris by me. During the few days Avhen the 
Amrious congresses in session, there or elseAA^here, united 
themselA^es for an examination of the prehistoric section of 
the exposition, each exponent was expected to be atdiis re- 
spective place there to exhibit the objects and make such 
explanations as might be needed and ansAver such questions' 
as might be put. I spent the principal or a large part of 
the time during the Aveek of the meeting of th^^ Congress of 


t 


w 


10 


Prehistoric Anthropology in this duty, and spoke so long 
and so much, answered so many questions, etc., all in 
I'rench, that I many times grew weary and my jaws tired. 

Entering the pavillion we come at once to the subject of 
.Anthropology and all the Anthropological sciences. Dr. 
'Topinard attended on every other day at 10 o’clock in the 
morning to give instructions and answer questions. The 
■public were imdted to be present at the conferences and 
they became very attractive and interesting as well as in- 
structive. 

It would be impracticable to go through this exhibit. 
There were, as I have said, 213 human skulls, of which 48 
were prehistoric. All the charts, maps, and tables used by 
Dr. Topinard in his lectures were exhibited, and he used 
them in his explanations. 

Standing in the entrance to this pawllion was the exhibit 
of Dr. Carl Liimholtz, the Norwegian scientist, which con- 
sisted of Indian relics from the mounds of Ohio and Minne- 
sota. 

Possibly no better understanding could be given of the 
science of Anthropology as it is believed and taught in 
Prance than by giving a description of the maps and charts 
and tables displayed by Dr. Topinard and used by him be- 
fore the I’Ecole d’Anthropologie. The following were dis- 
played : 

I. Place of Anthropology among the Anthropological 
sciences. 

II. Place of man in the classifications of the Mammiferes. 

III. Genealogical tree of the animals up to man, accord- 
ing to Lamerck. 

IV. The distance of man from the anthropoides as deter- 
mined by the weight of the brain and the capacity of tlie 
skull. 

"V. Composite sterographic representation of different 
races. 

^"I. An example of the variation of character in a single 


11 


I- 


liiiman group. This example is taken from the measure- 
ments of the cephalic index of 1,000 Parisians. 

VII. The average weight of the brain of man in his ordi- 
nary condition, but at dilferent periods of his existence. 

VIII. The same dhided tlie same way, of men in pe- 
cidiarly good condition, as of professional men, those of 
leisure, etc. The excess over the former is ten \)ev cent. 

IX. The same of woman. The difference against woman 
when comjjared with the ordinary man is four per cent. 

X. The curved lines representing the average variation of 
the weight of the brain in man from fifteen years until his 
death. Average taken from 1,551 cases. 

XI. Classification of the cephalic index by units and also 
by five units, according to the quinary nomenclature. 

A series of charts, sixteen in number, forming a single 
work, all relative to the color of eyes and hair in France, 
and giving full statistics. 

There were the same kind of charts prepared by other 
persons. Drs. Collineau, Bertholon and Lelarge giring the 
division and classification for France, Tunis, and Corsica, 
showing the index cephalic, the nasal index, the lieight ac- 
cording to departments and given localities. All these 
showed the extremes of each characteristic as well as the 
average. 

There was also a chart of the same showing the divisions 
of the Berber race in Tunis. 

There were similar charts and statistics relating to Ger- 
manv bv Dr. Scliaaffhansen', of the Universitv of Bonne: 
of Mr. A. B. Mayor, of Di*estlen; for Prof. A’irchow pre- 
sented liis s^Teat cliart on the color of tlie eves, hair and 
skill of two millions of school children in Germanv taken 

•j 

during the year 1875, showing the percentage, first, of 
blondes, of brunettes, of broAvn eyes to blue eyes, of brown 
hair to blonde hair, and of grey eyes to light eyes. 

There were also anthropologic charts from the British 
Islands, showing practically the same classifications, pre- 


seiited and prepared hy Dr. John Beddoe, of Bristol, Eng- 
land. 

The same of Xorwav, 1)y C. Arbo; of Switzerland, bv Dr. 

7 c/ 7 / 

Coleman. ^ 


Also etlinographic charts of Caucasus by Monsieur Emil 
Chantre; of South Oriental Europe and of Dobriisha, by 
M. A. Eosny; of Asia, by M. Deniker, Librarian at the 

«/ 7 / 7 


Mnseiim of Xatnral History, Paris, together with his pro- 
posed classification of the hnman race based on their affini- 
ties and anthropologic characters. He groups the people 
of Asia into twenty-six grand divisions and these again ac- 
cording to locality in 200 peoples or tribes. 


The two sj^stems of representation were shown, that of 
Drs. Topinard and Beddoe, and the other of Prof. Yircliow.- 
The first was represented by the charts of Beddoe, Bertillon, 
Collenean, Arno, Arbo, and the other by the charts of 
ATrchow, Coleman, and of Belginm. In the 

first, adults only were reported; in the second, children. 

Tlie prehistoric skulls on exhibition amounted to thirty- 
eight. Among these were all tlie principal ones, Neander- 
thal, Solutre, Cro-]Magnon, etc. 


The celebrated skull from the Grotte de Mentone, tliose 
from Laugerie Ihisse, from the Grotte de Spy in Belgium, 
and, in fact, tlie gwater x)roportion of tlie notable preliis- 
toilc skulls found in all France, and probably in the adjoin- 
ing countries, were exliibited. Those from Spy were taken 
from their pedestals and exhibited by their discoyerers be- 
fore the Congress of Anthropology and the necessary ex- 
l>lanations and descriptions giten. 

Monsieur Tramont exhibited a series of comparative 
fMatomy of vertebrate animals, consisting of tliirteen skele- 
tons. Tiny were arranged to show the relationshi]) be- 
tween man and tliese animals, and, commencing in the re- 
verse order, they were a man, a cliiinpanzee, an ourang, a 
monkey of the ancient continent, one of the new continent 
a Limure, a bat, a lion, a kangaroo, a reptile, and two fisli,. 


13 


and along with it was another series of five pieces showing 
the evolution of the brain from the fish to the man. 

The same of the foot and hand, showing the same kind of 
series from man down; five ])ieces. 

Another of the brain. This was represented by twenty- 
six pieces, ten of which represented the structure of the 
brain, two its exterior j)art, and eleven its convolutions. 

Capitan i)resented an exceedingly interesting series re- 
lating to i^rehistoric trepanation. There Avere a number of 
prehistoric skulls bearing evidences of trex)anation. One, 
a hun;4u^ Avhich bore upon its right side a deep circular 
gropve Avhicli Avas cut out or excavated; the circular piece 
Avas intended to be taken out. Anotlier, a recent human 
skidl, in. vdiich all the different processes, or the process of 
prehistoric trepanation in its Ami'ious stages, Avere shoAvn, 


the cut made dee]), a portion of it taken out, and, ffnal],y, 
the entire ])iece taken out. This operation AAms performed 
by Dr. Capitan and for the purpose of sliOAving lioAv it might 
have been done in ])rehistoric times. The ini])lenients Avith 
Avhich it Avas performed Avere all laid by the side of the 
skull. They Avere the kniATS and scrax)ers of sharp flint, 
l)ieces of Avood and bone to support them, and bA" Avhich the 
trepanned ])iece could be lifted out. 

There Avere also skulls of dogs, one of Avhich had been tre- 
imnned after his death; another, during his life; he liA^ed 
.after it three Aveeks. Again another, Avhicli had the same 
operation ])erformed and liA^ed six Aveeks; another, six 
months. These dogs had all been cured of the operation 
and Avere in a situation to live as long as theA" might. TheA" 
Avere then killed for the pur})ose of obtaining the necessaiy 
information concerning the operation. The results AA^ere 
such as to shoAA" that the implements and instruments used 
j>roduced a trepanation identical AAuth those Avhich Ave ob- 
serve on the prehistoric skulls. 

This disphiA^ of Dr. Capitan was supplemented and made 
much more interesting bA" nearA all the genuine and 
original trepanned^skulls from all France. 




I 


14 


I 


A fine representation was made of the collection of M.. 
H. H. Eisley, who was the Director of ethnography at Ben- 
gal. His collection comprised about six huncEed objects 
and gave as complete a representation of EthnogTaphy in 
India as possible. 

Belgium made an exceedingly fine display of the same 
hind, comi^rising the great discoveries of Monsieur Frai- 
pout and Lohest in the Grotte de Spy relating to the paleo- 
lithic period. 

Italy’s display in this regard was devoted princii)ally to 
.Criminal Anthropology. It occupied almost the entire 
room in the center on the left-hand side of the pavillion. 
Dr. Cunningham, from the medical branch lat Dublin, 
made a presentation of twenty pieces, which had been pre- 
l^ared by him in the excellent and niiich-to-be-conimended 
manner of those now shown in the Army Medical Museum 
and made by the same process. 

Probably the most important, the most unique and \al- 
liable contribution in relation to anthropologie prehis- 
torique, was made by the National Museum of Eio Janeiro 
in Brazil. It consisted of nine skulls of prehistoric men, 
the principal being that of Lagoa Santa, which were dis- 
covered now fifteen or more years, by Lund, during his; 
residence in that country, by him taken to Coj)enhagen, 
fifteen in number, and lately published by Dr. Soran-Han- 
sen. Other prehistoric skulls of the same country and i)art 
of the same exiiosition ivere those from the sheJl-heaps of 
Parama, St. Cathariul, etc. 

The prehistoric man of Caucasus was represented bi" the 
collection of Monsieur Chantre, who has made such studies 
in that country, the results of ivhich have been latety imb- 
lished in his extensive work. 

It goes Avithout saying that this Exposition ivas filled 
Avitli all the necessary descriptive charts and casts, colored 
plates, characteristic subjects for study of anatomy and 
the human form, but they cannot be mentioned here. It 
also goes without saying that there ivere extensii^e repre- 


15 


\ 




sentations of the islands of the Pacific and Indian Oceans- 
All the races and i:>eoples of these various islands, Oceanica,. 
Australasia, Fuego, Caledonia, Australia, etc., were rep- 
resented. 

Complete series of instriinients of craniometry and an- 
thropometry were exhibited. Those hy Mathieii, Collin,, 
Trauiont, Molteni, Colas, by Mr. Francis Galtoii of Great 
Britain; also those hj Dr. Gillet de Grandmont, by Hainy 
of the Ethnographic Musee of the Trocedaro, Denieny of 
the College de France, Dr. Luigi Anfosso and others from 
Italy, and not to be forgotten was that of Dr. Benedikt of 
the University of Vienna. He has just j)ublished a work 
upon tliat subject of craniometry. 

Anthropometry and craniology may not have been able 
to classify the races of men in either a perfect or approved 
manner, and so some of our anthroi)ologists have been led 
to ox>pose it. But it is of immense ini]3ortance. I will not 
say the greatest, but certainly of such imxDortance as that 
it ought not to be overlooked or allowed to fall into disuse. 
For this reason I may be excused if I give a short descrip- 
tion of some of these exhibits of the instruments used for 
this purj)ose. I have taken that of Mr. Francis Galton. 
The most I can do is only to give a condensed catalogue of 
the instruments which he had for that x)urx)ose: 

1. Spironietre to measure the capacity of respiration. 

2. Dvnanionietre for the hand. 

3. Dvnamometre for the arm. 

•I. A series of colored wools to be used testing the can- 
didates in color-blindness. 

5. A rule to determine the individual aptitude to measure 
and divide distances, to divide angles. Another to test the 
aptitude or capacity" for judging of weight. 

9, 10, and 11. To test the capacity of the ear to detect 
differences in sound. 

12. An apx3aratus to measure an interval and the differ- 
ence in its detection between the eyes and the ear. 

There was to be added to this list other instruments 


/ 


/ 


16 


wliicli were not present because of their weight and their 
.not beiug necessaiw — the scales, the measure of height, the 
measure of the length of arm, the comi^ass, and the models 
for establishing the color of the ejes and hair. 

The disj)lay of Monsieur Mathieu, a mathematical-instru- 
ment maker on the Bouleyard St. Germain, near to the 
TEcole de Medicine, consisted principally of instruments 
made after the system of Broca; the compass for nieasure- 
ing thicknesses, haying small balls upon the end and the 
graduating arm marking millimetres; a sliding compass 
marked in the same way; diyers goniometres; a craniostat, 
with its needles for measuring orbits; the endonietre, the 
crochet occipital, and of the objects found, the troponietre, 
the apparatus for taking the cubic contents of skulls. 

The apparatuses in use in the police department by 
Monsieur Alphonse Bertillon, were also displayed by their 
maker. Monsieur Colas. They consisted of: 

1. Scale for measuring the height' standing. 

2. Scale for measuring the height sitting. 

3. Scale for measuring the outstretched arms. 

4. The compass of Monsieur Bertillon, or 

5. The sliding compass to measure the elboAV, length of 
the foot, palm of the hand. 

6. Small compass to measure tlie fingers and the ears. 

The display of anthropometric instruments made by Dr. 

Topinard was more interesting as an illustrated history of 
the science than for actual use. He exhibited the yarious 
kinds, the earliest that were used, their changes, their 
improyement, etc., and tlie different methods of measuring 
skulls — those employed by Messieurs liankes, Thann, 

Holder, Virchow, and, of course, that of ]>roca. 

Dr. Hamy exhibited a set of instruments for the use of 

t/' 

travelers packed ready for transportation. They were to 
be used in measuring the living persoii, usually the savage 
among which the traveler might pass. These consisted of 
the various compasses, the measures, etc., together with the 
tables that were to be used in transcribing them. 


17 

The foreo’oiiio’j which might be classed as an iiitrodiictioit 
to my proposed classification for the Chicago Exposition^ 
is really an argument showing the necessity for an extended 
and elaborate display of the science of Anthropology. I 
do not continue this argument into the branch of prehis- 
toric antliropology or prehistoric archaeology. If I have 
been successful thus far, the archaeological part will fol- 
lo^y; if I liaA^e not been successful, no further argnment of 
archaeology will have much weight with the committee. 
I proceed now to that which is the classification prox>er. 
After the chapter or division devoted to Anthropology 
folloAVS in considerable detail the division of Prehistoric 
Anthropology, and its sections are drawn in sncli detail 
as to obviate iu\y necessity of explanation or argnment, 
such as the foregoing. 

I. AXTHROPOLOGY. i 

\ 

* 

* Comparative anatomy in relation to man: 

Skeletons — ancient or modern: ^ 

Casts or i)liotograplis. ' '] 

Craniology: 

Capacity. 

Congenial deformities. 

Artificial deformities, and the analytic measure- 
ment thereof. 

i Microcephalic skulls. 

Skulls of hniiian races. 

Skulls of criminals. ^ 

Skulls of anthropoids. 

Cerebral niori)hology: 

Sections of the brain of man; thence in the de- 
scending scale, to the gorilla, oran-ntan, chim- 
panzee, and as far as necessary to form a conii)lete 
series. 

Brains of idiots, imbeciles, criminals, and anthro- 
poid }»ath( logic si)ecimens. 

i !, 2 


t 


IS 


I 


Intra-crailieii tox)ograijliy. ; 

Histology of cerebral coiiYoliitioiis. 

Osteology: 

Long-bones of various races and animals. 

Hyoid, ditto. 

Platvcnemv. 

Mvologv: 

t/ 

Extremities — bands and feet — of various races of 
tlie animal kingdom. 

Splanclmolog}’^ : 

Viscera. 

Antbropogeny or Comx)arative Embryology. 

Pb3^sical cbaracteristics : 

Antbropometry : 

Size, weight, and proportions of Iniinan body — 
charts showing. 

Instruments for determining same. 

Descriptive cbaracteristics : ^ 

Color of skin. 

Color of eves. , 

Color of hair. 

Features. 


Pln^siological and pathologic cbaracteristics. 
Antbroi:)o] ogic types : 

Jjj cephalic index: 


Dolicoceplialic. 
Mesocepbalic. 
JJracbycepbalic. 
Bv dental index: 
Microdont. 
Mesodoiit. 




Megadont. 

Bv color of skiJi: 

Caucasiaii, white. 
Mongolian, y<iloAV. 
Etliiopian, black. 

T>y form and color of hair: 




•V 

A 


7 

V 

i 

I 


19 


Ulotriclies (wooJ}^ liair) and 
Lissotriclies, or 
Leiotriclies (smooth liair). 

By linin’^ of characteristics: 

Leptorrhine. i 

Messorrhine. 

Platvrrhiiie. 

t 

II. rBEIIISTOEIC AXTHKOrOLOGY. 

Eastern Hemis])liere: v 

Hnnian remains: 

Sknlls of standard types representing the pre- 
liistoric ages of stone, bronze, and iron — Xean- 
dertlial, Tanstadt, Cro-Magnon. 

Long bones. 

Hnnian mdustry: 

S])ecimens of matenal used by prehistoric man. 
S])eciniens representing the different pliases of 
fabrication of i^rehistoric implements — cliip- 
l>ing, polishing, grinding, drilling, etc. 
Prehistoric ini|)lements and objects, whether for 
use or decoration, classified according to 
epocli, locality, and function. Art products. 
Stone Age: : 

ICileolitliic i^eriod: 

Chellean epoch. 

Acheiilean epoch. 

Aliiyinm. 

Mammoth. 

Moiisterian ei)och. 

Soliitrean epoch. 

Magdelenian epoch, or 
Cavern period. 

Aeolithic period. 

Bronze Age. 

Iron Age. » 




I 


20 


Metallurgy : 

Moulding, casting, and liamineriug of 
metals, copper, iron, and bronze. 
Specimens of moulds and objects from 
prehistoric fonndries. 

Potter.y — arranged according to locality and 
epochs. 

Views, plans, or models of prehistoric architectnral 
monnments and habitations: 

Caverns, natural: 

Dwellings. 

Sepulchral. 

Cavems, artificial : 

Dwellings. 

Sepulchral. t 

Lacnstrine dwellings : 

Dolmens. 

Tnmnli. ^ i 

Menhirs. 

Cromlechs. 

Alignments. 

Cnp stones. 

Graves, cists. ' 

Crematories. 


North America: 

(Note. — The following s.ystem of classification was pre- 
X)ared by Dr. Ran and Prof. Mason several years ago. It is 
Yery elaborate, but will answer the present purpose.) 


I. Man. 


Desiccated bodies. 

Skeletons. 

Sknlls. 

other parts of skeletons. 

Casts of Indian 1 leads in x)laster, wax, and papier mache. 




21 


I 


PliotogTaplis, drawings, and i)aintings of aborigines and 
of scenes of aboriginal life. 

II. Culture. 

(1.) Aliment, etc.: 

A. Food: 

1. Mineral food: i 

Salt. i * ' 

Clay (mixed with food). 

2. \>getable food: i 

(a.) Unprepared. 

Foots. 

Bark. 

Buds. 

Flowers. 

Fruits. : ' 

Seeds. , ' ' 

(b.) Prepared. 

Sugar. 

Preserved fruits. 

Meal. 

Mush. 

Bread or cake. 

3. Animal food: 

Dried and smoked meat of mammals, birds, 
and reptiles. 

Dried and smoked fish. 

Dried fish-eggs. 

Boasted and dried insects and worms. 

B. Drink: 

I 

1. Decoctions : 

Teas, etc. 

2. Fermented drinks: 

Cider, wine, and liquor. 

C. Xarcotics: 

Tobacco and its substitutes. 


/ 


oo 


D. Medicines: r 

1. Mineral medicines: 

Earths, etc. 

2. Vegetable medicines : 

Herbs. 

Roots. 

Ends. 

Flowers. 

Seeds. 

3. Animal medicines: 

Pidverized bones, etc. 

(2.) Habitations : 

A. Skin lodges. i 

E. Models of dAvellings: 

Shelters. 

Skin lodges. 

Yonrts. 

Hnts (of bark, grass, etc.). 

Wooden houses. j 

C. Appnrtenances : 

Sweat-honses (models). 

Totem-i)osts (originals and models). 
Gable ornaments (carved). 

Locks (wooden). 

(3.) Fnrnitnre: 

Mats (of bark, grass, flax, etc.). * 

Screens. 

Hammocks. 

Eed-coverings. 

Head-rests (Hoopa Indians, Galifornia). 
Cradles. 

Cradle-boards. 

Chairs. 

Stools. 

Wa shing- vessels. 

Tubs. t 


VailH. 

]>oxes. 

Cliests. 

Lamps. 

7Lx)oms. 

FlA’'-briisl)es. 

€. 

A^essels and otlier utensils for liouseliold 
A. Law material: 

Stone. 

Cla V. 

«/' 

Loots. 

Grass. 

Lushes. 

Osiers. 

Splints. 

AA^ood. 

Horn. 

Skin. 

Alembrane. 

Dyes and cements (for baskets, etc). 
L. Earthenware: 

Cooking vessels. 

Ollas 

Splierical jars. i 

Small-necked jars. 

Canteens. ’ ; 

Pitchers. 

Disiies. 

Travs. 

« 

LoavIs. ■ 

Cups. 

Ladles. 

Spoons. 

Ornamental A^essels. 

Carved liorn and wooden Avare: 
Eonr-sided A^essels. 

Travs. 


24 


Dishes. 

Bowls. 

Cups. 

Dippers. 

Spoons. 

Ladles. 

StiiTing-sticks. 

D. Carved stone- ware: ' 

Plates. 

Travs. - 

Dishes. 

Bowls. 

Cups. 

E. Water-tight and ordinaiy basket-work: 
Cups. 

. 0 

Bowls. 

Flasks. i 

Canying-bottles. ■ 

Baskets of various forms. 

F. Bark vessels: 

Travs. : ; 

t/ 

Bowls. 1 

Pails. 

G. Gourd vessels: 

Cups. 

BoavIs. 

Carrying-bottles. , , 

H. Skin and bladder bottles. 

(5.) Articdes serGng in the use of narcoties: 
ITpes. 

Tobacco-poucdies. 

Cigar-eases. 

Plates for cutting tobacco. 

Snuff-grinders. 

Snnff-scra|)ers. 

Snuff-boxes. 

Snulf-tubes. 


25 


1 


(6.) Eeceptacles used in transportation : 

A. On foot: 

Pouches. 

Purden-straps. 

/ 

Burden-nets. 

Burden-baskets. 

B. AMth beasts of burden: 

Bags. 

Baw-liide cases. 

(7.) Clothing: 

A. Baw niaterial. ; 

Fur. 

Baw-hide. 

AVool. ‘ ; 

Hair. 

A>getable fibre. 

B. Complete suits (in part exhibited on lav figures). 

C. Head clothing: , 

Hats. 

Caps. 

Hoods. ' 

Head-scarfs. ! 

D. Body clothing: ! 

Bobes. 


Blankets. 

Mantles. 



Capes. 

Skirts. 

Tunics. 

Coats. 

Clouts. 

Aprons. 

Shirts. 

E. Hand clothing 
Mittens. 
Cloves. 


26 


F. Leg and foot clotliiiig: 
HandaLs. 

Moccasins. 

►Shoes. 

Loots. 

Socks. 

Stockings. 

Leggins. 

Garters. 

• G. Parts of dress: 

Lands. 

Lelts. 

8.) Personal adornment: 

A. Head ornaments: 

Wigs. 

Cliignons. 

Hair-pins. 

Tncking-combs. 

Head-hands. 

Feather head-ornaments. 
Labrets. 

Nose ornaments. 

Ear ornaments. 

L. Xeck ornaments: 

Necklaces. 

Aeck-bands. 

Collars. 

C. Lreast and body ornaments: 
Gorgets. 

Ornamental girdles. 

I). Limb ornaments. 

Lings. 

Lracelets. 

Armlets. 

Anklets. 

E. Toilet articles: 

Substitutes for soap. 




(mostly mineral). 

(Paint-mortars.) \ 

Spatnlae (for face i^ainting).. 

Hair-powder. 

Hair-dye. 

Combs. 

Head-scratcliers. 

Tweezers for removing’ the liair. 

Mirrors. 

% 

(9.) Implements for general nse, for Avar and the cliase;;^ 
ind for special crafts and occnpations: 

A'. Im])lements for general nse: 

1. For striking : 

Hammers and inanls. 

2. For cutting, saAAing*, perforating, etc.:. 

Knives of various forms. 

Hatchets. 

Adzes. 

Chisels. 

Gouges. 

AVedges. i 

Scrapers. 

Skinning implements. 

SaAvs. ' 

Drills. 

AAAds. 

(hilting-blocks. 

- I 

Tool-boards. 

(Tool-boxes.) , * ^ 

(AAdiet-stones.) 

I>. Implements for AAmr and the chase: 

1. Striking weai^ons: 

War-clnbs (with or AAithont metallic points: 
or stone AA^eights). 

Tomahawks. 


I 


/ 


. ^ 28 . . , , , 

Boomerangs (Moquis, etc.). , ' 

Bolas. • 

3. Tliriisting weapons: 

Knives. 

Daggers. 

Swords. ) 

Lances. 

4. Projectile weapons and appurtenances: 

Arrows. 

Bows. 

Quivers. 

Wrist-gnards. 

Harpoons and throwing-boards. 

Slings. * 

5. Defensive weapons: 

Sliields. 

Helmets. 

Visors. 

/ 

Body-armor. 

C. Imi^lements for special crafts and occnpations: 

1. Inq)lements for limiting other than weapons: 

Snares and traps. 

Kets. 

Hooks for catching small animals. 

Decovs. 

2. Implements for fishing other than weapons: 

Hooks and lines. 

Sinkers and floats. 

Kets. 

Traps. 

3. Inpflements and utensils used in gathering 

and mannfactnring food: 

Boot-diggers. 

Gathering and winnoAving trays. 

Mortars and ])estles (of AAmod and stone). 
Stone troughs or slabs Avitli nibbing stones. 

4. Agricnltnral implements: 

2. ThroAA'ing Aveapons: 


29 


y 


Hoes. ' ' 

Eakes. 

Eeaping-liooks. 

5. Implements tor tire-making: 

Fire-sticks and drills. 

Flint with steel and p 3 rites. ' ' , ‘ 

Moss. ; , : 

Funk. 

Tinder. - , , 

Slow-matclies. 

Fire-nests. ' ! 

Fire-l)ags. 

G. Implements for arrow-making: , ; 

Cldpping-lools. 

Sliafr-grind(TS. ; . ' 

S 1 1 a ft - s (:r a i g 1 1 1 ener s . 

Ghie- sticks. 

7. Imx^lements for making pottery: 

Paddles. 

Smootliing-stones. 

8. Implements for twisting, spinning, weaving, 
sewing, and embroidery: 

Fibre-twisters. , 

Spindle-wliorls. 

Feels. 

Knitting-needle. , 

Looms Avitli woof-sticks and shuttles. 

Awls. : 

Xeedles. 

Xeedle-cases. 

9. Implements for basket-making: 

Plaiting-tools. ; • . 

10. Implements for working skins: 

Scrapers. • , . 

Skin-softeners. 

Burnishers. 


6 



30 

Crimping-tools. 

11. Impleiiients for cai^yiiig: 

Knives. ■ 

Gouges. 

12. Implements for x^ninting (inclnding 
Bristles. 

Paint-sticks. , 

Brnslies. 

Bnbbing-stamps. 

(Paints.) 

(10.) Means of locomotion and transi^ortation : 

A. By land: 

C/' 

1. Traveling on foot: 

Ice-creepers. 

Snow-shoes. : 

2. ConA^eyances, etc.:: 

Saddles. 

Bridles. ; 

Halters. 

Stirrni)s. ; 

Spurs. 

Foot-mnltlers. 

Dog-harnesses. 

lieindeer-liarnesse'S. > 

Sleds. 

Sleighs. 

B. By Avater: 

Balsas. ' 

Dng-onts. 

Bark canoes. 

Bnll-liide boats. ' 

KaA’^aks. i ^ 

Oomiaks. ; 

' # 

Pnsliing sticks. ' 

Paddles. 

Oars. 

Bailing-Aessels. 


X)aints) 



31 


Wpoar-rests. 

<11.) Games and pastimes: 

A. Gambling implements: 

]*aii‘S of bones and sticks. 

Itnndles of sticks. i 

Discs. 

Dice. 

Ivory blocks and catcLing-sticks. 
(Girds. 

Chess. 

]>. Dancing: 

riiimes. ; 

A\\) 0 (len masks and liead dresses. , 
Hnllalo liead-masks. 

Head-shields. 

liip-ornaments. 

Hatties. 

Datons. 

S])ears. 

Scalps. 

C. Athletic exercises: 

Rackets. 

Sticks. ' 

Poles. 

Dalis. 

Dings. 

]>onndarv-sticks. 

D. Cliildreids sports and toys: 
i h)lls. 

AVhirligigs. 

Tops. 

Miscellaneous lovs. 
v{12.) Music: 

A. Instruments for beating and shaking: 
] )rums. 

Sounding-bars. 

Hatties. 


32 


Clappers. ■ 

B. Eiibbiiig and stringe'd instruments : 

Notched sticks. 

Cane harps. : ' 

Cane fiddles. ^ ^ 

C. AYind instrninents: 

Whistles. 5 

Fifes. 

Flutes. 

Trumpets. 

Horns. 

D. Whizzers. 

(13.) Art: 

A. Pictorial represc^ntations and prnaniental de- 
signs of wood, hark, hone, horn, ivory, dressed 
skin, and leatlier. 

B. Carvings in stone, wood, horn, hone, and ivory. 

C. Emhroiderv and other ornamenlal work witli 
quills, colored threads, hair, feathers, and heads*- 

(14.) Ennmeration, etc. 

Census-sticks. ; 

Dnnning-sticks. 

(15.) Ohjects relating to superstitions: 

Idols. 

Cliarms. 

Medicines.’^ 

Medicine hags. 

Medicine boxes. ; : 

Batons. 

Battles. •- 

Drums. 

(IG.) Ohjects relating to funeral rites and burials: 
Mourning- vokes. 

Mourning-bracelets 

Dead-masks. ; ^ ^ 

Burial-frames. i ' . > 


I 


33 


COLONIAL EXTTILITS AT PALIS EXIH)SITK)N. 


Tliat wliicli Avas to me the most interestiiii:^ possibly of 
any in tlie French Ex])osition was the colonial display in 
tlie Es])lanade des Invalides. Tlie French Goyernment 
l>ossess(Ml peculiar adyantages in this direction; the Ex^x)- 
sitioii was determ imxl npotl four years before its opening. 
It thus had ample time in wliich to communicate with its^ 
most distant colonies and to make extensiye and complete 
pr(‘pa, rations. Tlie colonial otlicers were instructed to 
make such i)reparations as was deemed AAuse. Each ' di- 
rector was appointed and the oi'ganization was perfected 
with an oh'er to certain cliosen natiyes of a trip to Paris to 
spend the summer, and to be taken care of by the Goyern- 
ment, to see the great Exposition, and tinally to be returned 
home, all under the auspices and at the ex^iense of the 
Goyernment. This was an opportunity not to be disre- 
garded eyen by the sayage in the soutli of Africa or th(‘ 
South Sea Islands. The directors chosen were men of 
judgment and discretion who had resided in the country. 
They could speak both languages and thej^ were thus fully 
equipped and competent to assume command of such an 
expedition. 

The accompan3ing tracing shoAcs that portion of the 
esi)lanade occupied by this Colonial Exhibit, and I haye 
giyen a list of the colonies and peoples there represented. 
They Ayere not merely single indiyiduals nor yet a single 
family, but Ayhole toAAuis or settlements, some of AA^hich 
numbered sixty x>crsons. JaA^a had sixty, Cairo had sixty 
AAhite asses AAdth as many bare-legged boys for keepers; 
Jaya, Algeria, Tunis, Aimani, and Tonkin each had from 
fort^^ to sixty aborigines iiresent. 

Extensiye expeditions had beeii organized and conducted 
by yarions nations or by generous and jiublic-spirited citi- 
zens to foreign parts that the jAeople and their habits and 
customs might be studied, and large and expensiye books 

luiA^e been imblished in the forms of reports of the yisiting 

3 ' 


r 


34 




traveler, liistorian, or scientist, bnt liere were spread out 
before Ms eyes iiiaii}^ of these peoples AvitJi their huts, 
babiiis, families, hoiiseliohl and domestic paraphenialia all 
in place and they occupying them as though in their own 
country. 


Algeria : 

Grand i)alace. 
The Aissaouas. 


• Tunis : 

Souk, or Ihizar — sale of products. 
Forestry exhibition. 

Djend products. 

Arabia : 

Cafe and restanmnt. 

Shoi)s for sale of products. 
Madagascar : 

Shop for sale of products. 

Taliite: 

Ihigoda of Villenonr. 

Pavillion, Hindoo. 

Tower of Salde. 

Aiinam and Tonkin: 

Miradore. 

Tomb. 

Shop. 

Drinking stands. 

Eestaurant. 

Hot house and plants. 

Theatre. 

Senegambia: 

Tasting shop. 

Village of Affourou. 

Village of ralioun. 

Bazar — sale of products. 

House of the chef — canaque. 
French Guiana: 

Gaboon. 


f 









1 . . 





/ 




1m 

* I 


35 


r 


‘.7 


\ ^ I 
^ i 


; c 

4> 




■’• r 


r> 


iii 


J 4 ' * 

./ 4 7 Ay- > < 
uoiv^w t 


[) 


Cocliin-Gliiiia : • 

Palace. - , 

Village. 

Shops — sale of i)i*o(lucts. 

Pagoda of Aukor. 

(J uadeloui)e. 

Martinique. 

Village, Javanese: 

Cocoa factory. 

Villi llonton. . 

Cafe, Painbarra. 

Iveslaurant, Creole. 

On the rue de Cairo were buildings of the following 
countries : 

Egyptian bazar. 

Morocco. ‘ 

Siam, 
llomania. 


i'.# .*..L i lAik. 


1 • 1 V ■ 1 f ' • 1 

• ■ I, > . .V, • i 

' ' * 


China. 

India. 

AVhile a similar display to this might not be made at 
Chicago, of the same persons nor from same countries, or 
even those neighboring; yet a most Avonderfnl display 
could be gotten iq) with this for a pattern. I mean to de- 
vote a park to the occupation b}" onr Indian tribes showing 
an entire family of each Indian tribe with all its oiitlits 
and belongings. The size and number of these could be 
determined by the Committee 'of Organization. 

The Ethnologists of North America have decided that we 
have varying from tifty-nine to seventy-eight ditferent 
stocks of Indians and these Iuiax^ again been divided into 
about two hundred tribes. As a matter of course it Avon Id 
be inutile to haA^e reiiresentation from all these, but as I 
stood on the Esplanade at the French Exposition and 
looked over this Colonial display of so many dift'erent peo- 
ples 1 thought Avliat a magniticent opportunity the Ameri- 
can people could have at their Chicago Exposition. A 


3G 


representative stock or tribe could be selected and an 
entire settlement showing it in every i)hase of its tribal 
life could be brought to the Exposition grounds and there 
set up and displayed in all its aboriginal verity. This dis- 
play might be extended indefinitely and I have no means 
of determining the detail to which it might not be pushed 
with advantage. Since my return I have consulted witli 
the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Cxeneral Morgan, and 
explained the scheme to him. He pronounces it entirely 
feasible, says that lie possesses the necessary machinery 
and organization for making the display in as great an 
extent and with as much completeness and detail as might 
be desired. In view of my experience as I stood in the 
presence of these savage or semi-civilized people brought 
from the uttermost j^arts of the world, entirely new and 
strange to me, I venture to recommend to the Committee, 
with all the influence I possess, that they should adopt this 
or a similar scheme and thereby inaugurate one of the 
most attractive, interesting, and important sections of their 
Exposition. 

HUMAN HABITATIONS. 


One might doubt the propriety of attempting to disjflay 
at Chicago the human habitations of classic antiquity such 
as are given in some portions of this classification. But 
there are maiw which might with great j)ropriety be theri^ 
displayed. All the prehistoric habitations might be shown 
and they would be exceedinglj^ interesting and attractive. 
The casts of the pueblos which we have at the National 
Museum, the representations of the cave dwellers, cliff 
dwellers, and others from our own country and from Mex- 
ico and Central America miglit be displayed. The wigwam 
of the Indian and a few of the Eskimo might also be showu 
unless they should come in in another section along with 
the living occupants. 

I have not labored over this question of human habita- 
tion more than to make it as a suggestion or offer. If it 


37 

sliOTild bo tlio iiitoiit of the Committoe to mako sncli a dis- 
play, I would take pleasure iu coin])letiu^ it. 

1. rKElIISTOUIC rElUOJ). 


Natural shelters: 

Iu the open' air: 

Under wood: 

Iu hollow trees. 

Under logs. 

Under rocks: 

llock shelters. 

Example, Laugerie Basse. 

Coiistructed habitations: 

On laud: r • v 

Caverns, natural. 

Example, Mentone. 

(^averiis, artificial. 

Example, on the Loire and Correze. 
Cliff-dwellers, Arizona, and New Mexico. 
Ihieblos, Arizona, and New Mexico. 
Ancient cities and towns. 

Earth-works. 

Village sites. 

Homes, exterior and interior. 

Temples. 

Tombs and shrines. 

On water: 

Lacustrine dwellings: 

Ancient, Switzerland. 

Scotland. ^ . 

^lodern, Louisiana. 


II. HISTOBIC PERIOD. 


1. Primitive civilizations: 


Egyptians- 

Assvrians- 

Plionicians 


4000 P>. C. to 525 P>. C. 

3 or 2000 B. C. to 538 B. C. 
-2000 B. C. to 332 B. C. 



Hebrews — Nomads, tent-dwellers in Mesopotamie 
to the times of the Patriarchs, then sedentaiy 
in Palestine from 1500 B. C. to 70 A. L>. 


38 


Pelasges — From an undetermined epoch until 900 

B. O. 

Etruscans — From an undetermined epoch until 400 
11. C. 

2. Ci\ ilizations growing out of the Ariaii invasion: 

The Arians, according to our earliest knowledge of 
them, were established on the plateaux be- 
tween the Casi)ian Sea and the Himalaya 
Mountains. There has been much discussion 

over their origin and migration, with but 
small advancement in real knowledge. Their 
migrations commenced as early as 1500 J>. 

C. and continued until about 500 1>. C. Tliev 
were toAvard the southeast, southAvest, and 
west. 

Hindoos — 1500 1>. C. to modern times. 
Ihu'sians— 538 H. C. until 330 B. C. 

(lermans — 1100 B. C. to the eighth centurv 

O t/ 

A. D. 

Gauls — 1200 B. iX to first century A. D. 
(heeks— 1000 B. C. to 200 B. C. 

Bomans — From 752 B. G. to fifth century A. 1). 

The Bonian Empire Avas divided in 395 A. 1). into 
the Eastern and AVestern, Avliich developed 
distinct architectural habitations. 

Eastern Eiupire: 

This existed for ten centuries, from the fourth 
to the fifteenth A. H. 

Ba zjintine — Fourth to fifteenth century A. 1). 
Sclavs — Fourth to tenth centuiy A. D. 
llussian — Ditto. 

Musselman invasions: 

/ Arabian — 032 to 1058 A. D. 

Turkish — 1058 to the present. 

Soudanese — Tenth century to tlie present. 
W estern Empire : 

The lloman civilization Avas here affected by 
several iiiAmsions: 

The Huns — 350 to 450 A. D. 

The Germans and Franks, contempora- 
neous Avith the (lallo-Boman epoch of the 
sixth and seventh centuries A. D, 


I 






II ' 


39 


1 ’•» 


Tlie Scandinavian or XorscMiian — Nintli cen- 
tury A. D. 

As a cons(H|nence of tlieso iin asions a transforma- 
tion took place in tlie ci\ ilization and racers of 
the AA'estern Eni])ire in AVestern Eiiroi)e, 
notably in En^^iand, France, Germany, Italy, 
Aviiicli, especially in France, can be divided 
thus: 

Komance — Seventh to tenth century 1). 

Aliddle ages — Tenth to lifteenth century A. 1). 

llenaissance — Fifteenth century A. 1). 

3. (hvilizations contemporaneous or corres])onding to 
the i)rimitive civilization: 

Tliese, Avhile ])ossessing a certain degree of civili- 
zation which was particularly their own, did 
not enter into relations with the civilized 
nations of Euro])e or America, and have no, 
or but slight intluence thereon. 

China — 5,000 years ]>w G. discovered by, or 
known in the fourteenth century A. D. 

Jai)an — Origin uncertain, known to Euroi)eans in 
sixteenth centuiy A. D. 

Eskimos and La|>ps — Same, known k/ Europeans 
since tenth century. 

Africans and Australians — Discovered by Portu- 
guese lifteenth century A. D. 

LINGUISTICS. 


Sj)oken languages, charts showing: ; 

Formation. 

Classitication. 

Distribution. 

Aligrations. 

Uelations. 

AAh'ilten languages of all nations, with examples from 
ancient times. 

ITctographs: 

On dolmens and stone monuments of A^"estern Eu- 
rope. 

Scandinavia, ' t 


. ] 


i . 


.• 


o 


40 


Js'ortli American Indian. 

Mayas. ; 

Mexican. ; 

Easter Island. ; 

Messages : 

Sticks, featliers, knots, etc. 
IIieroglyj)liics: 

Cnneiform: 

Snmero- Akkadian. 

I^abvlon. 

Assyrian. 

Persian. 

Scythian. 

Egyptian. ; 

Ilittites. 

Cliinese. 

Alphabetic: 

Semitic: 

Phenician. 

Punic. 

Neoimnic. 

Ancient Hebrew. 

Aran lean: , 

Nabateam. 

I\almyrene. 

Hebrew Carre. : 

S^nla. 

Arabic. , 

Ilimyarite. 

Etliiopian. 

European: 

Etruscan. 

Creek Archaic. i 

I 

Latin Archaic. , 

ScandinaAda. 

Punic stones 1st and 2d ])eriod. 
Ouham stones from Iri^land. 


P D 2 0 a 


Caul. 

Saxon. 

Ihltish. 

Hindoo: 

Sanscrit. 

Pactrian. 








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